VITICULTURA
Regiunea noastră este situată la limita nord-estică a zonei europene prielnice viticulturii. Dintre dealurile care formează partea de nord-est a Bazinului Carpatic, puţine deţin un sol benefic culturii de viţă-de-vie şi majoritatea au fost locuite în special de o populaţie consumatoare de pălincă. La o privire mai atentă, putem constata că Satu Mare este situat între cele două mari regiuni diferite din punct de vedere al tipului de băuturi alcoolice consumate: zona de sud şi sud-vest, caracterizată prin predilecţia pentru vin, şi zona de nord şi nord-est, unde se consumă pălincă.
Viticultura a reprezentat o parte importantă atât a vieţii cotidiene, cât şi a economiei în general. Începând cu perioada medievală, vinul a constituit produsul agricol cel mai uşor de comercializat. Viticultura a jucat un rol important în dezvoltarea urbană, a fost o sursă de venit suplimentar pentru familiile de iobagi, iar pentru nobili, un impozit în natură uşor comercializabil. Strugurii şi vinul au fost elemente de bază ale alimentaţiei, în special ca băutură, şi mai puţin ca fructe. Vinul cu un procent mai scăzut de alcool a înlocuit în numeroase cazuri apa potabilă, în timp ce vinul bun era asociat în mod firesc cu orice sărbătoare.
În zonele cultivate cu viţă-de-vie pe parcele mici, cum este şi zona noastră, culesul strugurilor s-a desfăşurat în comun, constituind mai degrabă o distracţie decât o muncă agricolă propriu-zisă. Cu ocazia culesului, erau chemaţi în ajutor rudele, vecinii, prietenii, iar în caz de nevoie, zilieri şi servitori. Dacă şi cei chemaţi în ajutor aveau vie, se stabilea în prealabil o ordine a culesului. Zilierii nu erau plătiţi, ci se alegeau doar oameni care aveau la rândul lor vie şi ajutorul la cules putea fi reciproc. Culegătorii primeau trei mese pe zi (dimineaţa, la prânz şi seara) şi un coş cu struguri. În plus, fiecare participant putea consuma struguri la discreţie în timpul culesului. SzL
CREŞTEREA OILOR
Datorită varietăţii geografice care caracterizează judeţul, în Satu Mare au fost reprezentate toate formele de creştere a oilor (prin transhumanţă, de câmpie, în gospodărie). Importanţa creşterii oilor se datorează numeroaselor produse care pot fi obţinute în urma acestei activităţi: lână, piele, carne, urdă, caş, brânză, jintiţă.
Conform izvoarelor, carnea de porc a devenit o parte importantă a alimentaţiei doar în ultimii 150 de ani. În perioada anterioară era folosită în special carnea de vită şi cea de oaie. În gospodăriile în care se creşteau oi, perioada în care carnea acestora era consumată se întindea de la şi până la tăiatul porcului. Mâncarea conţinând carne de oaie era preparată în cadrul petrecerilor de logodnă, nuntă, botez, strângerea recoltei şi hramul bisericii. Prelucrarea laptelui era o activitate specifică bărbaţilor. Mulsul laptelui se face o dată, de două ori sau de trei ori pe zi. După fiecare astfel de activitate, laptele este prelucrat.
Obiceiul tradiţional legat de această ocupaţie este Sâmbra Oilor, ce narchează mşsuratul laptelui şi urcarea turmelor la păşunile de munte. SZL
CLACA
Fiecare membru al comunităţii poate apela, în orice moment, la cel a cărui clacă a participat, iar acesta se simte obligat să-i returneze serviciul. Claca are la bază voluntariatul, şi de aceea accentul se pune în primul rând pe partea distractivă. Deşi înafara muncii există şi alte funcţii care pot fi asociate clăcilor, acestea rămân cele mai productive forme ale organizaţiilor de muncă. Din acest motiv, familiile trimit ca reprezentant la clacă membrul cel mai capabil. Existenţa clăcii reflectă gradul de unitate şi omogenitate al comunităţii. De aceea, în zonele cu caracter urban mai pronunţat, claca începe să dispară la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea. În schimb, în Ardeal, în zonele mai izolate, situate departe de centrele urbane, chiar şi în secolul XX o clacă reuneşte tot satul. SzL
COLECTIVIZAREA AGRICULTURII
Ideologia comunistă este bazată pe ideea egalităţii între oameni, încadrarea lor într-o singură clasă socială, eradicarea oricăror diferenţe economice existente în societate. Primul şi cel mai important pas spre realizarea societăţii ideale, în concepţia comunistă, este desfiinţarea proprietăţii individuale. Cele două ramuri economice majore, agricultura şi industria, suferă transformări importante în direcţia colectivizării, respectiv a naţionalizării.
În agricultură, calitatea de membru în colectiv însemna lucrarea pământului în comun şi divizarea egală, gestionată de stat, a recoltei. Teoretic, cedarea dreptului de proprietate asupra pământului trebuia să fie voluntară. Practic însă, pentru înscrierea ţăranilor în cooperativele agricole colective s-au folosit metode de constrângere extrem de dure, care se concretizau chiar şi în torturarea, deportarea sau uciderea celor care se împotriveau.
În România, procesul colectivizării începe în 1949 şi, din cauza rezistenţei întâmpinate, se extinde pe o perioadă mai lungă decât cea prevăzută iniţial, încheindu-se oficial abia în 1962. Ca urmare, 60% din totalul suprafeţei de 15.000.000 ha de teren agricol au revenit gospodăriilor colective, 30% gospodăriilor de stat, 9% rămânând în proprietate privată. STSZŐLŐMŰVELÉS ÉS BORGAZDÁLKODÁS
Régiónk Európa bortermelő övezetének északkeleti csücskében helyezkedik el. A Kárpát-medence minőségi bortermelésre kevéssé alkalmas északi és keleti peremvidékeit már a közelmúlt évszázadokban is nagyobbrészt hagyományosan pálinkaivó népcsoportok lakták. Tágabb kitekintésben szemlélve a kérdést megállapítható, hogy Szatmár megye a két nagy italfogyasztási régió, a dél-délnyugati borivó és az észak-északkeleti pálinkaivó területek találkozásának határvonalán helyezkedik el.
A szőlőművelés a mindennapi életben és a gazdaságban egyaránt fontos szerepet játszott. A bor a középkortól a paraszti termelés egyik legkelendőbb árucikke volt. Fellendítette a városi fejlődést, külön jövedelemhez juttatta a jobbágygazdaságokat és piacképes terményadót biztosított a földesurak számára. A szőlő és a bor szervesen épült bele a táplálkozás rendszerébe is, kisebb mértékben gyümölcsként, nagyobb mértékben italként. Alacsony alkoholtartalmú változatai a ritka kincsnek számító jó ivóvizet helyettesítették a hétköznapokban, a jó bor pedig az ünnepi alkalmak nélkülözhetetlen kelléke volt.
Kisparcellás paraszti borvidékeinken, mint amilyen a mienk is, a szüret társas munka volt, amely inkább szórakozásnak, mint munkának számított. Erre az alkalomra rokonokat, szomszédokat, jó barátokat hívtak, valamint nagyobb gazdaságokban napszámosokat és cselédeket is. Ha a meghívottaknak maguknak is volt szőlőjük, akkor előre megbeszélték, hogy milyen sorrendben fogják szedni. Az ilyen társas munkát összesegítésnek, segíccségnek nevezték. Napszámot ilyen helyen annak sem volt szokás adni, akinek magának nem volt szőleje és így nem lehetett visszasegíteni. A szüretelők reggelit, ebédet, vacsorát és egy-egy kosár szőlőt kaptak, illetve azt az edényt rakták tele szőlővel, amit magukkal hoztak a szedéshez. Ezenkívül a nap folyamán mindenki annyi szőlőt ehetett, amennyi jólesett.
A JUHTARTÁS
Szatmár megyében, földrajzi adottságainak köszönhetően, a juhtartás majd valamennyi formája (havasi, pusztai, háztáji) megtalálható volt. A juhászat fontosságát kellőképpen hangsúlyozzák azok a termékek, amelyeket ennek során kapunk: a gyapjú, a hús, a bőr, valamint a juhtejből készített orda, sajt, túró, zsendice (a juhsavó felforralásával készült étel).
A juh húsát mind a városok, mind a falvak népe szívesen fogyasztotta. Minden forrás azt igazolja, hogy a sertéshús széles körű fogyasztása csak az utóbbi száz-százötven évben vált meghatározóvá, korábban jóval nagyobb szerepe volt népünk táplálkozásában a szarvasmarha- és a juhhúsnak. Juhtartó háztartásokban a fogyasztás elsőrangú időszaka az őszi mustrától a disznóölésig tartott. Vágták kézfogókra és lakodalmakra, keresztelőkre, aratásra és búcsúkra.
A juhtej feldolgozása jobbára a pásztorok, csak ritkábban a parasztasszonyok feladata. A juhokat naponta egyszer, kétszer vagy háromszor fejték, a tejet a háromszori fejés mindegyike után, tehát napjában háromszor feldolgozták. A juhtartáshoz köthető hagyományos szokás a Bemérés, amely a tejhozam mérését és elosztását jelenti, valamint a nyájak indulását a hegyi legelőkre.
A KALÁKA
A közösség bármelyik tagja akármikor kérheti társai segítségét, a munka visszaadását, a kalákában való részvételt mindenki kötelességének tartja. A kalákáknál éppen az önkéntes jelleg miatt kap nagy szerepet a szórakozás (kalákatánc). Annak ellenére, hogy a kalákához a munkán kívül még számos funkció társul, a legtermelékenyebb munkaszervezeti formák egyike. Az egyes családok kalákába a legmunkaképesebb, a legkülönb családtagjaikat küldik, hogy a családra ne hozzon szégyent.
A kaláka megléte valamely közösségben annak egységét, bizonyos fokú homogenitását jelzi. Ezzel magyarázható, hogy a kaláka a polgárosultabb vidékeken már a 19. század végén kezd háttérbe szorulni. Ezzel szemben Erdélyben, a nagyobb városoktól távol, a kalákában résztvevők köre századunkban is az egész falura kiterjedt.
A MEZŐGAZDASÁG KOLLEKTIVIZÁLÁSA
A kommunista ideológia alapja az emberek közti egyenlőség elve, az osztály nélküli társadalom, a társadalomban létező összes gazdasági különbség radikális eltörlése. Az eszményi társadalom felé tett úton az első fontos lépés a magántulajdon megszüntetése. Így jutott az államosítás és a kollektivizálás sorsára a nemzetgazdaság két nagy ágazata, az ipar és a mezőgazdaság.
A mezőgazdaságban, a kollektív tagjának lenni egyet jelentett a föld közös megművelésével és a termés állami irányítás alatt történő egyenlő elosztásával. Elméletben a magántulajdonról való lemondás önkéntes kellett volna legyen. A gyakorlatban azonban a gazdák kollektívbe való beiratkozását kíméletlen eszközökkel kényszeríttették ki, gyakran ezek közé tartozott a verés, a deportálás vagy akár az ellenállók fizikai megsemmisítése.
Romániában 1949-ben kezdődött a kollektivizálás, ám a falusi lakosság ellenállása miatt a vártnál jobban elhúzódott és hivatalosan csak 1962-ben fejeződött be. Eredményeképpen a 15 millió hektárnyi mezőgazdasági terület 60% került közös tulajdonba, 30% állami tulajdonba jutott és mindössze 9% maradt magántulajdonban.THE VITICULTURE
Our region is situated at the extreme North-East of the European region of viticulture. Only few of the hills of the North-Western Carpathian Basin, have a favorable soil for the cultivation of grapevines. The majority of the region is inhabited by a population drinking palinca (a traditional brandy). Satu Mare is situated between the two great regions with different drinking habits: in the South and South-Western region is favored the wine, and in the North, North-Eastern region is preferred the palinca.
Viticulture was important in the every day life and for the economy of the household. Starting with the Middle Ages, wine was the most convenient product to market. Therefore, the viticulture was a main cause of urban development, it generated extra income for the serfs and their families, and it offered a supplementary tax in kind for the nobility which was easy to merchandise. Grapes and wine were basic food, consuming them as drink and less often as fruit. The wine with low alcohol replaced water in many cases, while the quality wine was reserved to the celebrations. Until the middle of the 19th century, the vineyards were separated from the plough-lands, common pastures, or hay fields etc: the grapevines were cultivated where the soil was best for this crop and, due to the position of the land, it formed an enclosed area. The complex of vineyard-buildings was formed, among others, by the wine cellar.
In regions, where the grapevine was cultivated on small plots of land, like our region, the grapes were harvested in common, the work itself becoming like a feast. Relatives, neighbors, friends, and, in need, day-laborers and servants were summoned for help in harvest time. If those summoned for help had themselves grapevines, previous to harvest was established an order for taking turns. There was no payment because those summoned to harvesting were themselves owners of grapevines so that the payment would have been the mutual help. The reapers received three meals a day (breakfast, lunch and dinner) and a basket of grapes. Even more, everyone could have consumed plenty of grapes during the day of work. SzL
SHEEP BREEDING
Due to the geographical position of the county of Satu Mare, all main forms of sheep breeding were present: the periodic move of the flocks, the breeding in field, or the breeding in farms. The sheep is important for the products obtained: wool, leather, meat, soft cottage cheese (incorporating whey), green ewe cheese, cheese etc. Mutton has been consumed in the countryside, as well as in towns. The pork has become an important part in the daily meal only in the last 150 years. Previously, only beef and mutton have been consumed. In the farms where sheep was breaded, the main period when mutton was consumed lasted from autumn account of flock until the period of slaughter of the pigs before Christmas. Food containing mutton was prepared on occasions like engagement parties, weddings, baptism, harvest, and church inaugurations. Processing the milk was a specific activity for men. Milking was done once, twice or thrice a day and afterwards it was yielded to processing.
The Accounting of the Flock marks traditionally the share of the milk produced by the flock among the owners and the departure of the flocks to the mountain pastures. SzL
THE BEE
Help among the members of a community is a mutual service, especially between participants to the same social class. Although the bee has many functions, the most productive was to fulfill working tasks. For this reason, families send their most representative member to these events. Due to its numerous social functions, the bee became the most complex form of work in traditional society. Its existence emphasizes the unity and homogeneity among the members of the community. That’s why in urban areas, the bee disappear by the end of the 19th century. In Transylvania, although, in the remote areas situated far from towns, the bee manages to gather all members of a village still in the 20th century. SzL
THE COLLECTIVIZATION OF THE AGRICULTURE
The communist ideology is based on the idea of equality among people by integrating them in a single social class and by eliminating the existing economical differences in the society. The first and the most important step to create the ideal society, according to the communist concept, were the elimination of the individual property. Therefore, the two major economical branches, the agriculture and the industry, suffered important transformations, known as the process of collectivization and nationalization.
Members of the cooperative farm should work the land in common, and then they shared the crop equally. In theory, yielding the right of land ownership should have been voluntarily. In fact, to ensure the entrance of the land-owners in the cooperatives, rough methods of constraint were used, resorting even to torture, deportation or killing those who withstood.
In Romania, the process of collectivization began in 1949 and due to the wide revolts, the process lasted longer than before. It was ended officially in 1962. As a result, 60% out of 15.000.000 hectares of cultivable field belonged to cooperative farms, 30% to the state, while only 9% remained in private property. ST