{"id":8216,"date":"2020-11-11T07:10:16","date_gmt":"2020-11-11T07:10:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.muzeusm.ro\/?page_id=8216"},"modified":"2024-03-24T11:54:42","modified_gmt":"2024-03-24T09:54:42","slug":"expozitia-satmarul-de-alta-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muzeusm.ro\/en\/expozitia-satmarul-de-alta-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Expozi\u021bia: S\u0103tmarul de alt\u0103dat\u0103 – Hajdanvolt Szatm\u00e1r"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u0103tmarul de alt\u0103dat\u0103, \u00cen colec\u021bia de c\u0103r\u021bi po\u0219tale \u201dIoan Pu\u0219ca\u0219\u201d –<\/h2>\n

Hajdanvolt Szatm\u00e1r, “Pu\u0219ca\u0219 Ioan”k\u00e9peslap gy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny\u00e9b\u0151l!<\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a> La finalul secolului al XIX-lea \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, imaginea noilor cl\u0103diri din zona central\u0103 a ora\u0219ului Satu Mare a fost imortalizat\u0103 sub form\u0103 unor c\u0103r\u021bi po\u0219tale. Cele mai importante ateliere care au \u00eentreprins aceast\u0103 activitate au fost Tipografia<\/em> Weisz Zolt\u00e1n <\/em>\u0219i Studioul de Fotografie Holl\u00f3si<\/em>. Importan\u021ba lor const\u0103 \u00een aceea c\u0103 ele reprezint\u0103 surse documentare care pot fi folosite \u00een studiul evolu\u021biei arhitecturale a ora\u0219ului, dar \u0219i \u00een munca de restaurare \u0219i conservare a cl\u0103dirilor.<\/p>\n

La finalul secolului al XIX-lea, num\u0103rul construc\u021biilor din piatr\u0103 era foarte mic: trei sferturi erau realizate din lemn, v\u0103ioag\u0103 sau chirpici, iar acoperi\u0219urile erau confec\u021bionate din paie ori \u0219indril\u0103. Dup\u0103 1805, autorit\u0103\u021bile administrative au demarat ac\u021biunea de pavare a ora\u0219ului. La \u00eenceput au fost utilizate sc\u00e2nduri de stejar pentru pavarea zonei centrale. \u00cencep\u00e2nd din 1808, piatra pentru pavare a fost adus\u0103 din alte regiuni ale comitatului, mai precis din Seini. Dup\u0103 1850 au fost pavate \u0219i celelalte str\u0103zi. \u00cen 1823, a luat fiin\u021b\u0103 Comitetul pentru urbanizarea ora\u0219ului,<\/em> care avea sarcina s\u0103 supravegheze \u0219i s\u0103 coordoneze activitatea de urbanizare. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 cl\u0103dirile din piatr\u0103 deja existente (Casa V\u00e9csey), a \u00eenceput ridicarea altora noi: Casa Orm\u00f3s, Teatrul de Nord, Hotelul Pannonia, Turnul Pompierilor, po\u0219ta etc. De asemenea, au fost ridicate numeroase case de locuit a c\u0103ror arhitectur\u0103, dincolo de particularit\u0103\u021bile decora\u021biilor, a avut un caracter arhitectural unitar. Datorit\u0103 cre\u0219terii num\u0103rului de construc\u021bii, a crescut \u0219i cererea pentru materialele de construc\u021bie. De aceea s-au dezvoltat \u0219i fabricile care produceau astfel de materii prime: fabrica de c\u0103r\u0103mid\u0103 (1894), fabrica \u201dNeuschloss\u201d, fabrica de cherestea (1894).<\/p>\n

Principalul ini\u021biator al moderniz\u0103rii ora\u0219ului Satu Mare a fost Episcopia Romano-Catolic\u0103. Episcopul H\u00e1m J\u00e1nos a finalizat construirea catedralei romano-catolice, a construit Palatul Episcopal, Biserica Calvaria \u0219i m\u0103n\u0103stirea de pe strada \u0218tefan cel Mare.<\/p>\n

\u00cen perioada interbelic\u0103 ora\u0219ul cunoa\u0219te o alt\u0103 etap\u0103 de evolu\u021bie a urbaniz\u0103rii, influen\u021bat\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 Satu Mare devine centrul comitatului. Se construie\u0219te un nou sediu administrativ amplasat la col\u021bul B-dului Traian cu B-dul Vasile Lucaciu (ast\u0103zi Muzeul Jude\u021bean), se dezvolt\u0103 cartierul func\u021bionarilor, se ridic\u0103 Casa Na\u021bional\u0103, bisericile ortodox\u0103 de pe B-dul Vasile Lucaciu \u0219i cea greco-catolic\u0103 de pe strada 1 Decembrie 1918. Tot \u00een acest interval de timp se deschide strada Valer Pop (actuala I. C. Br\u0103tianu) \u0219i se continu\u0103 extinderea ora\u0219ului \u0219i pe malul st\u00e2ng al Some\u0219ului.<\/p>\n

\u00cen toamna anului 1944, Satu Mare cade victima unui atac aerian sovietic care viza sediul comandamentului armatei germane. Bombardamentul se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 \u00een zilele de 16, 17 \u0219i 19 septembrie, cu efecte dezastruoase asupra vie\u021bii locuitorilor: num\u0103rul total al victimelor s-a ridicat la 170 de mor\u021bi (dintre care doar 34 solda\u021bi) \u0219i 350 de r\u0103ni\u021bi; toate locuin\u021bele din ora\u0219 au fost afectate, iar 200 au fost distruse total; 50% dintre s\u0103tm\u0103reni au r\u0103mas f\u0103r\u0103 ad\u0103post. Dup\u0103 \u00eencheierea celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial o parte a cl\u0103dirilor distruse au fost ref\u0103cute, construindu-se \u0219i cl\u0103diri noi.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cea de-a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XX-lea, cea mai impresionant\u0103 dezvoltare o cunoa\u0219te partea de pe malul st\u00e2ng al Some\u0219ului. Se formeaz\u0103 \u0219i apoi se extinde platforma industrial\u0103 de sud \u0219i, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1960, se construiesc cartiere pentru locuit. Pentru a asigura o mai bun\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 maluri ale Some\u0219ului, se construie\u0219te cel de-al doilea pod, Podul Golescu. La \u00eenceputul anilor 1980 a \u00eenceput modernizarea \u0219i sistematizarea centrului ora\u0219ului prin demolarea majorit\u0103\u021bii cl\u0103dirilor \u0219i desfiin\u021barea tramei stradale. \u00cen urma acestei ac\u021biuni se realizeaz\u0103 ansamblul din P-\u021ba 25 Octombrie (Centrul Nou).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a> A 19. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9n \u00e9s a 20. sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9n k\u00e9peslapok form\u00e1j\u00e1ban \u00f6r\u00f6k\u00edtett\u00e9k meg Szatm\u00e1rn\u00e9meti k\u00f6zpontj\u00e1ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 \u00e9p\u00fcleteket. A legfontosabb m\u0171helyek, amelyek erre a tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9gre v\u00e1llalkoztak Weisz Zolt\u00e1n Nyomd\u00e1ja<\/em> \u00e9s a Holl\u00f3si Fot\u00f3st\u00fadi\u00f3ja<\/em> volt. Fontoss\u00e1guk abban rejlik, hogy olyan dokument\u00e1ci\u00f3s forr\u00e1sokat k\u00e9pviselnek, amelyek felhaszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3ak a v\u00e1ros \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szeti fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9nek tanulm\u00e1nyoz\u00e1s\u00e1ban, valamint az \u00e9p\u00fcletek helyre\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1si \u00e9s \u00e1llagmeg\u0151rz\u00e9si munk\u00e1kalati sor\u00e1n is.<\/p>\n

A 19. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9n a k\u0151\u00e9p\u00edtm\u00e9nyek sz\u00e1ma nagyon alacsony volt: az \u00e9p\u00fcletek h\u00e1romnegyede f\u00e1b\u00f3l, paticsb\u00f3l vagy v\u00e1lyogb\u00f3l \u00e9p\u00fclt, tet\u0151zet\u00fck zsindelyb\u0151l vagy szalm\u00e1b\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 1805 ut\u00e1n a helyi hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok elkezdt\u00e9k a v\u00e1ros utc\u00e1inak burkol\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s kezdetben t\u00f6lgyb\u0151l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt deszk\u00e1kat haszn\u00e1ltak erre a c\u00e9lra. 1808-t\u00f3l kezd\u0151d\u0151en a t\u00e9rk\u00f6vet a megye m\u00e1s r\u00e9sz\u00e9b\u0151l, pontosabban Szin\u00e9rv\u00e1ralj\u00e1r\u00f3l hozt\u00e1k. 1850 ut\u00e1n a t\u00f6bbi utc\u00e1t is lek\u00f6vezt\u00e9k. 1823-ban l\u00e9trehozt\u00e1k a v\u00e1ros Urbaniz\u00e1ci\u00f3s Bizotts\u00e1g\u00e1t<\/em>, amely a v\u00e1rosiasod\u00e1si tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g fel\u00fcgyelet\u00e9\u00e9rt \u00e9s ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt volt felel\u0151s. A m\u00e1r megl\u00e9v\u0151 k\u0151\u00e9p\u00fcletek (V\u00e9csey-h\u00e1z) mellett \u00faj \u00e9p\u00fcletek \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9be kezdtek, ilyenek voltak pl. az Orm\u00f3s-h\u00e1z, az \u00c9szaki Sz\u00ednh\u00e1z, a Pann\u00f3nia (Dacia) Sz\u00e1ll\u00f3, a T\u0171zolt\u00f3torony, a posta \u00e9p\u00fclete stb. Ugyanakkor sz\u00e1mos lak\u00f3h\u00e1z is \u00e9p\u00fclt, amelyek \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szeti elemei, a d\u00edsz\u00edt\u00e9sek saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gain t\u00fal, egys\u00e9ges k\u00e9pet mutattak. Az \u00e9p\u00edtkez\u00e9sek sz\u00e1m\u00e1nak n\u00f6veked\u00e9s\u00e9vel az \u00e9p\u00edt\u0151anyagok ir\u00e1nti kereslet is megn\u0151tt, ez\u00e9rt l\u00e9trej\u00f6ttek \u00e9s gyors fejl\u0151d\u00e9snek indultak az ilyen alapanyagokat el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3 gy\u00e1rak, \u00fagy, mint a t\u00e9glagy\u00e1r (1894), a \u201eNeuschloss\u201d f\u0171r\u00e9sz\u00e1r\u00fa gy\u00e1r (1894).<\/p>\n

A szatm\u00e1ri moderniz\u00e1ci\u00f3 \u00e9s v\u00e1rosiasod\u00e1s megindul\u00e1s\u00e1ban jelent\u0151s szerepe volt a Szatm\u00e1ri R\u00f3mai Katolikus P\u00fcsp\u00f6ks\u00e9g megalap\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak. H\u00e1m J\u00e1nos p\u00fcsp\u00f6k ideje alatt fejezt\u00e9k be a r\u00f3mai katolikus sz\u00e9kesegyh\u00e1z \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t, meg\u00e9p\u00fclt a p\u00fcsp\u00f6ki palota, a K\u00e1lv\u00e1ria templom \u00e9s a Kazinczy utcai z\u00e1rda is.<\/p>\n

A k\u00e9t vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa k\u00f6z\u00f6tti id\u0151szakban Szatm\u00e1rn\u00e9meti lett a v\u00e1rmegye k\u00f6zpontja, \u00edgy ezzel a telep\u00fcl\u00e9s a v\u00e1rosiasod\u00e1s \u00fajabb szakasz\u00e1ba l\u00e9pett.\u00a0 Ekkor \u00e9p\u00fclt meg az \u00faj megyeh\u00e1za a Traian sug\u00e1r\u00fat \u00e9s a Vasile Lucaciu t\u00e9r sark\u00e1n (ma a megyei m\u00fazeum), meg\u00e9p\u00fclt a tisztvisel\u0151telep, ekkor emelt\u00e9k az ortodox \u00e9s a g\u00f6r\u00f6gkatolikus katedr\u00e1lisokat is, valamint a v\u00e1ros tov\u00e1bb terjeszkedett a Szamos bal oldal\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

1944 \u0151sz\u00e9n Szatm\u00e1r a szovjet l\u00e9git\u00e1mad\u00e1sok \u00e1ldozata lett. A szeptember 16, 17 \u00e9s 19-i bomb\u00e1z\u00e1sok nyom\u00e1n komoly vesztes\u00e9gek \u00e9rt\u00e9k a v\u00e1rost: a hal\u00e1los \u00e1ldozatok sz\u00e1ma 170 (ebb\u0151l csak 34 katona), a sebes\u00fcltek\u00e9 350; a v\u00e1ros \u00f6sszes \u00e9p\u00fclete megrong\u00e1l\u00f3dott \u00e9s 200 teljesen megsemmis\u00fclt; a lakoss\u00e1g 50% -a fed\u00e9l n\u00e9lk\u00fcl maradt.<\/p>\n

A m\u00e1sodik vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n a megrong\u00e1l\u00f3dott \u00e9p\u00fcletek egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t fel\u00faj\u00edtott\u00e1k, a megsemmis\u00fcltek hely\u00e9re pedig modern \u00e9p\u00fcleteket emeltek.<\/p>\n

A huszadik sz\u00e1zad m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9ben a legl\u00e1tv\u00e1nyosabban a Szamos bal partj\u00e1n l\u00e9v\u0151 v\u00e1rosr\u00e9sz fejl\u0151d\u00f6tt. L\u00e9trej\u00f6tt \u00e9s kib\u0151v\u00fclt a d\u00e9li ipari \u00f6vezet, majd az 1960-as \u00e9vekt\u0151l folyamatosan \u00e9p\u00fcltek a lak\u00f3negyedek is \u00e9s meg\u00e9p\u00fclt a Szamos m\u00e1sodik hidja, a Golescu h\u00edd.<\/p>\n

Az 1980-as \u00e9vek elej\u00e9n megkezd\u0151d\u00f6tt a v\u00e1rosk\u00f6zpont teljes \u201emoderniz\u00e1ci\u00f3ja\u201d, mely a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi \u00e9p\u00fcletek lebont\u00e1s\u00e1val \u00e9s az utcah\u00e1l\u00f3zat felsz\u00e1mol\u00e1s\u00e1val kezd\u0151d\u00f6tt \u00e9s ennek eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9nt sz\u00fcletett meg az \u00faj k\u00f6zpont, az Okt\u00f3ber 25-e t\u00e9r.<\/p>\n